{"id":109,"date":"2026-05-28T20:29:13","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T20:29:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/?p=109"},"modified":"2026-05-30T20:24:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T20:24:44","slug":"western-electric-rules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/western-electric-rules\/","title":{"rendered":"Western Electric Rules Explained: SPC Pattern Detection Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">A practical guide to the Western Electric Rules \u2014 what they are, how they work, and how they help detect hidden process problems in control charts before they become serious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Western Electric Rules (on SPC Control Charts) Simply Explained\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lUgrp0YJx5A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Control charts are one of the core tools used in <strong>Statistical Process Control (SPC)<\/strong>. They are widely used in engineering, manufacturing, and any other field where data is collected over time. But plotting data on a control chart is only the first step \u2014 the real power comes from knowing how to read the signals hidden within it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That is exactly what the <strong>Western Electric Rules<\/strong> are designed for. They provide a structured set of decision rules for detecting abnormal patterns in a process \u2014 even when no point has yet crossed a control limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Cause vs. Special Cause Variation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before exploring the rules themselves, it is important to revisit a fundamental concept in SPC: the difference between <strong>common cause variation<\/strong> and <strong>special cause variation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation-1024x335.png\" alt=\"Common cause vs special cause\" class=\"wp-image-110\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation-1024x335.png 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation-768x251.png 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation-1536x502.png 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/cause-variation.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Common cause variation<\/strong> is the natural, expected variation of a stable process \u2014 small pressure fluctuations, slight differences in cycle time, or normal delivery variations. These are simply part of how the process normally behaves.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Special cause variation<\/strong> is different. It represents unusual, unexpected signals that indicate something in the process has changed \u2014 for example, a machine beginning to malfunction, a tool becoming worn out, an operator changing a setting, or a shift in raw material quality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The goal of SPC is to detect special causes as early as possible. That is precisely where the Western Electric Rules become extremely useful \u2014 they help identify abnormal variation patterns before the process develops into a major problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Control Chart Foundation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Western Electric Rules are applied directly to control charts. A control chart has two main axes: the <strong>Y-axis<\/strong>, which represents the measured values, and the <strong>X-axis<\/strong>, which typically represents time or the sequence order of the data. Each measurement is plotted as an individual point and connected by lines so that process behaviour can be visualised clearly over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"I-Chart\" class=\"wp-image-33\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/i-chart.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Western Electric Rules can be applied to both <strong>I-Charts<\/strong> (Individual Charts), where each point represents a single measurement, and <strong>X\u0304 Charts<\/strong> (Xbar Charts), where each point represents a subgroup average. If you need a deeper introduction to control chart types and how they are constructed, the full <a href=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/what-is-a-control-chart\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"29\">control chart guide<\/a> covers this in detail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sigma Zones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand the Western Electric Rules, you first need to understand sigma zones. These zones are based on the <strong>normal distribution<\/strong>, also known as the bell curve. In a normal distribution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>About <strong>68%<\/strong> of all values fall within \u00b11 standard deviation (one sigma)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>About <strong>95%<\/strong> fall within \u00b12 sigma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>About <strong>99.7%<\/strong> fall within \u00b13 sigma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because values outside three sigma are statistically very unlikely in a stable process, the control limits on a control chart are typically set at \u00b13 sigma. The chart is then divided into three zones on each side of the centre line:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Zone <\/strong>C \u2014 between the centre line and \u00b11 sigma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zone B<\/strong> \u2014 between \u00b11 sigma and \u00b12 sigma<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zone A<\/strong> \u2014 between \u00b12 sigma and \u00b13 sigma (the control limits)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These sigma zones form the foundation on which the Western Electric Rules are built.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-1024x546.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-114\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-1024x546.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-768x410.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-1536x820.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/sigmazone-2048x1093.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western Electric Rules &#8211; Sigma Zones<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are the Western Electric Rules?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Western Electric Rules are a set of decision rules used with control charts to detect non-random patterns in a process. Their key strength is this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A process can start drifting long before a point actually crosses the control limit. The Western Electric Rules help identify when this is happening.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are four primary rules that are most widely used in practice. Each one targets a different type of abnormal pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rule 1 \u2014 One Point Beyond Three Sigma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1-1024x678.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-116\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1-1536x1018.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule1.jpg 1576w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western Electric Rule 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A single point falls outside the three-sigma control limit.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the strongest and most direct signal of special cause variation. Any single point that falls outside the Upper or Lower Control Limit \u2014 beyond \u00b13 sigma \u2014 is a Rule 1 violation. Because a value this far from the centre is statistically extremely unlikely in a stable process, it should trigger an immediate investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a data point falls outside the control limits, something unusual may be happening in the process.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rule 2 \u2014 Two Out of Three Points Beyond Two Sigma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-117\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule2.jpg 1584w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western Electric Rule 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Two out of three consecutive points fall beyond two sigma on the same side of the centre line.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An important detail here is the word <em>beyond<\/em>. This does not mean only the points sitting exactly in Zone A. It includes any point beyond the control limit \u2014 as long as they are on the same side of the centre line. Rule 2 is designed to detect a <strong>moderate shift in the process average<\/strong>. The process may also not have crossed a control limit yet, but something is clearly starting to move.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is also worth noting that the same data point can be part of multiple rule violations simultaneously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rule 3 \u2014 Four Out of Five Points Beyond One Sigma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-118\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule3.jpg 1602w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western Electric Rule 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Four out of five consecutive points fall beyond one sigma on the same side of the centre line.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rule 3 targets a smaller but more <strong>sustained process shift<\/strong>. The individual points may still appear well within the control limits and look perfectly safe at first glance. However, their consistent positioning on one side of the centre line suggests that the process average is gradually drifting away from the target. This kind of slow shift is easy to miss without the structure of the Western Electric Rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rule 4 \u2014 Eight Consecutive Points on One Side<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4-1024x673.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-119\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4-1024x673.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4-768x504.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4-1536x1009.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/rule4.jpg 1556w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Western Electric Rule 4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eight consecutive points fall on the same side of the centre line.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a stable process, data points should naturally fluctuate around the centre line. Seeing eight or more consecutive points consistently on the same side \u2014 above or below \u2014 is highly suspicious and suggests that the <strong>process average has shifted<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the example (picture), nine consecutive points on one side of the centre line. Technically, Rule 4 is violated twice within that region. However, in practice this is usually described simply as those nine consecutive points triggering Rule 4 \u2014 the same practical interpretation applies to other rules as well. For example, if three consecutive points fall beyond the two-sigma zone on the same side, Rule 2 is technically violated twice, but it is typically described as those three points triggering the rule 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Additional Rules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The four rules described above are the most commonly applied in practice. However, there are additional Western Electric Rules that can help identify other abnormal process patterns \u2014 such as consistent trends in one direction, cyclical behaviour, or excessive overall variation. These extended rules provide even deeper insight into how a process is behaving over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rule 5<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Six consecutive points steadily increase or steadily decrease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>A continuous process drift or trend exists.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rule 6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fourteen consecutive points alternate up and down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The process is oscillating or being over-adjusted.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rule 7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fifteen consecutive points fall within 1\u03c3 of the center line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The variation is unusually small or artificially reduced.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rule 8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eight consecutive points fall outside 1\u03c3 from the center line (on either side).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The process variation has increased or mixed populations may exist.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Western Electric Rules turn a control chart into a much more sensitive early warning system. Rather than waiting for a point to cross a control limit, they allow you to detect subtle shifts, drifts, and patterns long before the process becomes a serious problem. Here is a quick overview of the four primary rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Rule<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Condition<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">What It Detects<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Rule 1<\/strong><\/td><td>1 point beyond \u00b13\u03c3<\/td><td>Strong signal \u2014 immediate special cause<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule 2<\/strong><\/td><td>2 of 3 consecutive points beyond \u00b12\u03c3 (same side)<\/td><td>Moderate process shift<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule 3<\/strong><\/td><td>4 of 5 consecutive points beyond \u00b11\u03c3 (same side)<\/td><td>Small but sustained process shift<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule 4<\/strong><\/td><td>8 consecutive points on one side of centre line<\/td><td>Process average has shifted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule 5<\/strong><\/td><td>6 consecutive points steadily increasing or decreasing<\/td><td>Trend \u2014 process is drifting in one direction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>Rule <\/strong>6<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">14 consecutive points alternating up and down<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Systematic pattern \u2014 cyclic or alternating behaviour<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule <\/strong>7<\/td><td>15 consecutive points within \u00b11\u03c3 (either side)<\/td><td>Stratification \u2014 unusually low variation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rule 8<\/strong><\/td><td>8 consecutive points beyond \u00b11\u03c3 (either side), none in Zone 1<\/td><td>Mixture \u2014 data coming from two different distributions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With SIGMADESK, you don&#8217;t need to manually scan your charts for rule violations. The platform automatically highlights all Western Electric Rule violations, identifies which data points are involved, and presents them in a clear, structured summary \u2014 so you can focus on investigating the process rather than searching through the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/gif5.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px\"\/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A practical guide to the Western Electric Rules \u2014 what they are, how they work, and how they help detect hidden process problems in control charts before they become serious. Control charts are one of the core tools used in Statistical Process Control (SPC). They are widely used in engineering, manufacturing, and any other field [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-educational"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":121,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109\/revisions\/121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sigmadesk.app\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}